The Impact Of Immigration On The Economy Essay - 1842 Words

The Economic Impact of Immigration The impact of immigration on the U.S economy has been one of the major topics in the last presidential debates. Secretary of state Hillary Clinton (Democrats) believes that immigrants workforce helps the economy growth. Clinton s immigration plan containing a pathway to citizenship for illegal immigrants whom already in the country and encouraging legal immigration. Economists believe that Clinton s immigration plan would increase the annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth, on average, over the next ten years. On the other hand, the Republicans candidate, who has won the recent election, Donald Trump looks at immigrants as a burden on the American economy. Donald Trump s plan to reduce immigration and deport undocumented immigrants would have the opposite effect. Economics experts think that his immigration strategies would reduce inflation-adjusted GDP and hurt the American economy. Through the history, immigrants have come to American s shores from all around the globe looking for the freedoms and the economic opportunities that the American economy grants. According to 2010 Census Bureau survey, the population of the United States was over 309 million people. The same survey showed that the U.S. foreign- born were about 40 million and it approximated that about 11 million of them are illegal immigrants. Anti-Immigration groups have suggested that immigrants, especially the undocumented, overburden the U.S. economy. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Immigration On The Us Economy929 Words   |  4 PagesUS economy. US economy has proved to be raised dramatically in the past few years. This made me think about Immigration and the US economy on a same page in my mind. Many questions started populating in my head such as Does immigration in some way affect the US economy? If yes, how? After doing some research, I found that Immigration plays an important role in the US economy. I’ll start with my own background, how this question is connected to me and what other people think about immigration. NextRead MoreImmigration Impact On The United States Economy. Introduction:1124 Words   |  5 PagesImmigration Impact on The United States Economy Introduction: The United States of America, is built on immigration much of the progress of the country is because of it. Immigration is rapidly growing, as of 2014, 13% of the United States population are immigrants (The National Academic Press). Today, there’s so much opposition to immigration for reasons that aren’t concrete. Some Americans believe, immigrants are here to cause problems and steal their jobs. They believe that there aren’t enoughRead MoreThe Impact Of Immigration On Australia s Terms Of Society And Economy1092 Words   |  5 PagesOF ESSAY/ REPORT/ ASSIGNMENT: Essay 2 - IMMIGRATION Whether immigration might bring benefits to a country or not is a controversial topic. In recent years, many migrants have left their countries to look for a better life, especially in developed countries. It is believed that immigrants can have many negative effects on a country because of social disturbances. This essay will examine the impacts of immigration on Australia in terms of society and economy. It has been seen that society might beRead MoreIllegal Immigrants Are Good For The Economy Of The United States1250 Words   |  5 Pagessought to ascertain the political, social, and economic impacts of the illegal immigrants (Hanson 11). Particularly, there has been raging debate regarding the economic impact of illegal immigration to the United States of America. It has become a matter of debate and study as it relates considerably to the nation’s politics and economy. At the centre of this debate is the question of whether illegal immigrants are good or bad to the economy of the United States (Dudley 18). Various studies haveRead MoreDanielle Grieco. Ms. Mahoney. English 8 Aap B.1. 5 May1317 Words   |  6 PagesDanielle Grieco Ms. Mahoney English 8 AAP B.1 5 May 2017 The Impact of People and Policy on Immigration Americans display the most admirable level of responsibility of which many countries are envious. Whether it comes to family, economics or self-accountability, citizens of the U.S. consistently exhibit high standards for being responsible. 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Marshall Fit z in April 16, 2013 of The New York Times reports that â€Å"an average wage increase afterRead MoreUnderstanding Americans Perspective Toward Immigration Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesUnderstanding Americans’ Perspective toward Immigration Introduction It is no astonishingly to observe that the American population has increased enormously in the last fifteen years. Nevertheless, the massive population growth has occurred due to the arrival of immigrants at a large scale. The Pew Hispanic Center published that from 2005 to 2015, immigrants and their offspring born in the America contributed 45 percent to its total population growth. Within this group of immigrants, Latino immigrantsRead MoreThe Benefits of Immigrants in the United States Essay1027 Words   |  5 Pageshelp the economy and country grow. These undocumented immigrants do have some downside to them, which makes people question do they really help this country. 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Eia Malaysia Free Essays

string(94) " Malaysia is designed to follow the Integrated Project Planning Concept as shown in Figure 2\." ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Procedure and Requirements in Malaysia CONTENTS Page I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Why do we need EIA? Which activities are subject to EIA How to conduct EIA II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA Integrated Project Planning Concept How is EIA Report Processed and Approved ? Organisational Structure Preliminary EIA Reports Detailed EIA Reports Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Consultation III. We will write a custom essay sample on Eia Malaysia or any similar topic only for you Order Now ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 4 4 5 9 9 9 LIST OF FIGURES 1 2 3a 3b Outline of Environmental Impact Assessment Procedure in Malaysia Integrated Project Planning Concept Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at State Offices Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at the Department of Environment Headquarters Organisational Structure of Detailed EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure LIST OF TABLES 1 2a 2b 2c Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Quantum) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by Unit of Measure) 3 4 4 5 3c 6 7 11 12 13 ii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1 Environmental Quality Act, 1974 1985) Section 34a 2 Environmental Quality Act, 1974. Environmental Qua lity (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 Offices of the Department of Environment Page (Amendment, 14 16 21 3 iii I. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT What is Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)? EIA is a study to identify, predict, evaluate and communicate information about the impacts on the environment of a proposed project and to detail out the mitigating measures prior to project approval and implementation. Why do we need EIA? EIA is essentially a planning tool for preventing environmental problems due to an action. It seeks to avoid costly mistakes in project implementation, either because of the environmental damages that are likely to arise during project implementation, or because of modifications that may be required subsequently in order to make the action environmentally acceptable. In Malaysia, EIA is required under section 34A, Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (APPENDIX 1). EIA when integrated into the existing planning and decision-making machinery, provides additional information towards better decision-making. Which activities are subject to EIA? Activities subject to EIA are prescribed under the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 (APPENDIX 2). A copy of this Order may be obtained from the Government Printers or from any office of the Department of Environment (APPENDIX 3). How to conduct EIA? To assist you in the preparation of environmental impact assessment reports, you may refer to â€Å"A Handbook of Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines† and EIA guidelines for specific activities published by the Department of Environment. II. THE EIA PROCEDURE IN MALAYSIA The EIA procedure adopted in Malaysia consists of three major steps. The steps in the EIA procedure, which are shown in Figure 1, can be described as follows: Preliminary assessment relates to the initial assessment of the impacts due to those activities that are prescribed. Preliminary assessment is the stage of the EIA procedure that should normally be initiated at the pre-feasibility study stage of the development of an activity. Project options are identified at this stage and any significant residual environmental impacts are made known. The preliminary report that is prepared is reviewed by a technical committee in the DOE internally. However, where expertise within the Department is lacking, assistance from other government and non-government agencies may be sought. Detailed assessment is undertaken for those projects for which significant residual environmental impacts have been predicted in the preliminary assessment. The assessment should ideally continue during project feasibility, and the detailed EIA Report be submitted for approval by the Director General of Environmental Quality prior to the giving of approval by the relevant Federal or State Government authority for the implementation of the project. Detailed assessment is carried out based on specific terms of reference issued by an ad hoc Review Panel appointed by the Director General. The EIA Report that is prepared is reviewed by the ad hoc Review Panel chaired by the Director General. Review of EIA Reports is carried out internally by the DOE for preliminary assessment reports and by an ad hoc Review Panel for detailed assessment reports. Recommendations arising out of the review are transmitted to the relevant project approving authorities for consideration in making a decision on the project. The normal period allocated for a review of a preliminary assessment report is one month while that for a detailed assessment report is two months. The DOE maintains a list of experts who may be called upon to sit as 1 members of any Review Panel established. The selection of the experts depends on the areas of environmental impacts to be reviewed. Other main features of the EIA procedure as shown in Figure 1 include the following: The Approving Authority is the Government Authority that has the task of deciding, whether or not a project should proceed. The authorities include the following: 1. The National Development Planning Committee (NDPC) for Federal Government sponsored projects; 2. The State Executive Council (EXCO) for State Government sponsored projects; 3. The various Local Authorities or Regional Development Authorities (RDA) with respect to planning approval within their respective area; and 4. The Ministry of Trade and Industry or MIDA for industrial projects. Recommendations arising from the review of the EIA Reports are forwarded to the relevant project approving authorities. At the completion of the review period for a detailed EIA, a Detailed Assessment Review Document is issued by the Review Panel. This document may include: 1. Comments on the Detailed Assessment report; 2. Recommendations to the project proponent and the project approving authority including any specific conditions attached to the project approval; and 3. Recommendations for environmental monitoring and auditing. Integrated Project Planning Concept The EIA Procedure in Malaysia is designed to follow the Integrated Project Planning Concept as shown in Figure 2. You read "Eia Malaysia" in category "Papers" The features of the concept include the following: 1. At the onset, during the project identification stage, the need to conduct an EIA study is also determined. 2. If the project requires Preliminary Assessment, it is done in parallel with the Pre-feasibility Study for the project. 3. Similarly, if Detailed Assessment is required, it is conducted as part of the Feasibility Study for the project. 4. The Preliminary Assessment and Detailed Assessment reports are reviewed simultaneously with the Pre-feasibility and Feasibility reports respectively, before a final decision on the project is made. During project construction and project operation environmental monitoring is carried out. 2 3 The concept is recommended to be followed to minimise project delay and improve project planning. How are EIA Reports Processed and Approved? Organisational Structure As of 1st January 1994, all Preliminary EIA Reports are processed and approved by the Department of Environment State Offices except for Kedah and Perlis. EIA Reports for Kedah and Perlis and those for projects within the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and projects involving more than one state are processed by officers at the Department of Environment Headquarters. All Detailed EIA Reports are processed and approved at Headquarters. Preliminary EIA Reports Figure 3a illustrates the organisational structure of the Preliminary EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment State Offices. The organisational structure is headed by the State Director. He is responsible for approving or rejecting an EIA Report. One-Stop Agency meetings with other relevant agencies or departments are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from relevant agencies or departments are sought for certain cases. The State Director is assisted by Environmental Control Officers and Assistant Environmental Control Officers. Figure 3a. Organisational Structure of EIA Report Processing and Approval Procedure at State Offices Figure 3b shows the organisational structure of the EIA Report processing and approval procedure at the Department of Environment Headquarters. The organisational set-up is headed by the Director of Prevention Division. He is assisted by the Head of Evaluation Section and Senior Environmental Control Officers chairing the EIA Technical Committee meeting. The EIA Technical Committee is an in-house committee set 4 up to examine the Preliminary EIA Reports. One-Stop Agency meetings with relevant departments or agencies are held when necessary. Comments and verifications from the departments or agencies are acquired when necessary. The Committee formulates recommendations to the Director of Prevention Division on the acceptability of the Preliminary EIA Report. Detailed EIA Reports Figure 3c illustrates the organisational structure of the Detailed EIA Report processing and approval procedure. The Organisational set-up is headed by the Director General of Environment Quality who is responsible for approving or rejecting the EIA report. He is assisted by the Director of Prevention Division, who also functions as Secretary to the Detailed EIA ad hoc Review Panel. The Chairman of this panel is the Director General of Environmental Quality. The Detailed EIA Review Panel’s main task is to critically review Detailed EIA Reports and formulate recommendations to the relevant project approving authority. The Detailed EIA Review Panel is established on an ad hoc basis specifically for a particular project. The panel comprises independent members of relevant disciplines, from different organisations such as Universities and Non-Governmental organisations. Detailed EIA Reports are also displayed at all Department of Environment Offices, as well as public and university libraries for public comments. The public are widely notified through the mass media when and where the Detailed EIA Reports are available for review and comment. The Evaluation (EIA) section which is headed by a Principal Assistant Director comprises EIA Report Processing Desk Officers assisted by Assistant Environmental Control Officers. The desk officers are trained in different disciplines including Environmental Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Biology, Chemistry, Environmental Studies, Physics, Economics, Sociology and Ecology. 5 6 TABLE 1 CLASSIFICATION OF EIA REPORTS BY TIMING OF SUBMISSION (PROJECT PLANNING CYCLE) PROJECT PLANNING CYCLE Project Identification Sourcing for Technology or Licence Pre-feasibility/ Siting Decision Feasibility/Project Design REPORT CLASSIFICATION 0 1 EIA ISSUE ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING CYCLE Exploring environmentally sound projects Assessment for environmentally sound technology Base line study and submission of preliminary assessment report Extended cost benefit analysis and submission of complete or detailed EIA report EIA report to be approved by the Director General of DOE, prior to licence to be granted by relevant government agencies, or lease to be given, land conversion or change of ownership approval by State Government Budget approval Contract 4 Are sufficient environmental specifications and safeguard incorporated in contract documents and agreements? Is the design complying with all the specifications? PROJECT APPROVAL Is the project environmentally sound? Is the technolo gy most advanced and clean? Is the proposed site environmentally least sensitive? Own approval or Memorandum of Understanding Business transactions, technology transfer and licence agreement DOE clearance 2 3 Does the project design incorporate all the required pollution control and other environment mitigating measures? Written permission Detailed Design 5 Submission of plans on pollution control and other environmental mitigating measures Tendering 6 Is sufficient budget provided for environmental control and other environmental mitigating measures in the tender exercise and award? Are project development and construction closely supervised? Does the project meeting all set standards and conditions? Is the project fully complying with the imposed standards all the time? Are there significant residual environmental impacts? – Development and Construction Commissioning 7 Environmental monitoring Approval by land, resources, safety, health, environment and local authorities Certification by safety, health, environment, and local authorities – 8 Continuation of monitoring and project auditting Source and environmental monitoring Operation and Maintenance Abandonment/End of Project Line 9 x Continued environmental monitoring Approval by the relevant Federal, State and Environment Authorities 7 Key Classification 1 – High Distinction 2 – Distinction 3 – High Credit 4 5 6 – Credit – Simple Credit – Low Credit 7 – Low Pass 8 – Just Pass 9 – Fail 8 Classification of Projects by Timing of EIA Report Submission (Project Planning Cycle) In order to integrate the environmental dimension in the project planning or designing process, the timing of submission of an EIA Report to the Department of Environment for approval is vital. The proper timing of submission of an EIA Report is essential so as not to cause any major disruption to the overall project planning cycle. The project initiator is encouraged to submit the EIA Report as early as at the project identification stage to enable recommendations on environmental changes or modifications to the project plan to be incorporated. On the other hand, submission of an EIA Report towards the end of the project planning cycle will reduce the value of an EIA, and possibly increase environmental costs or delay implementation of the project. In order to guide project proponents, a classification system for EIA reports has been made in accordance with time of submission as tabulated in Table 1. The timing of submission of an EIA Report corresponding to the stage of project planning cycle has been divided into nine classifications. The nine classifications are ranked from ‘high distinction’ to ‘failure’. In addition, the corresponding environmental issues, and requirements for project approval have also been identified for the various stages of project planning. For example, the submission of an EIA Report at the stage of project identification or sourcing for technology is classified as Class 1 and given ‘high distinction’, whilst reports submitted towards the end of project construction or commissioning falls under Class 8 and is ranked ‘low pass’. An EIA Report submitted at the commencement of the project identification stage will give an opportunity to project planners to exhaust environmental issues and to find solutions to them prior to project implementation. In instances where undesirable significant adverse environmental impacts are identified, alternatives which are environmentally acceptable should be found. This exercise should be repeated until an acceptable solutions is found. Consultation Although there is no requirement for notification and a project proponent is under no formal obligation to consult the Department of Environment about his proposal before submission of his EIA Report, there are practical reasons for doing so. The Department of Environment and other relevant departments will often possess useful information in particular, data on environmental quality, local problems, as well as aspects of the project most likely to be of concern and requiring emphasis in the EIA Report. It would be beneficial for all concerned if project approval authorities can advise potential project proponents as soon as a project is conceived to check with the Department of Environment to ascertain if EIA is required. By doing this, the issues of timing and delay can be avoided. III. ACTIVITIES SUBJECT TO EIA The Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activites) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 which is made under powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 (Amendment) 1985 specifies those activities that are subject to EIA. Nineteen categories of activities are prescribed and these include those related to: agriculture, airport, drainage and irrigation, land reclamation, fisheries, forestry, housing, industry, infrastructure, ports, mining, petroleum, power generation, quarries, railways, transportation, resort and recreational development, waste treatment and disposal, and water supply. Many of the activities related to these nineteen categories are defined in terms of project size (as area), capacity (quantum) while others are not defined by any unit of measure. Hence, to assist project initiators or project approving authorities to make quick decisions on whether a proposed activity is subject to the Act or otherwise, three simple checklists have been prepared as follows: a) Activities defined by quantum (Table 2a); 9 b) Activities defined by project size (Table 2b); and c) Activities not defined by unit of measure (Table 2c). 10 Table 2a Malaysia: Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Quantum) Quantum 60000 5000 4500 200 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 30 10 Unit Barrel Tonne Cubicmetres Tonnes/ day Family Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ day Tonnes/ hour Megawatts Activity Construction of product depot for storage of petrol, gas or diesel Shipyards Groundwater development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply Iron and steel industries using scrap iron Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement Chemical production industries Lime production industries using rotary kiln Iron and steel industries using iron ore Non ferrous industries other than aluminium and copper Lime production industries using vertical kiln Pulp and paper industry Cement industries Construction of steam generated power stations using fossil fuels 8 (c) 8 (d) 8 (g) 8 (d) 1 (b) 8 (a) 8 (d) 8 (e) Number 12 (e) 8 (f) 19 (b) 8 (e) 13 (a) 11 Table 2b Malaysia: Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Defined by Project Size) Project Size Unit Activity Number 5000 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 500 Hectare 400 Hectare 250 Hectare 200 Hectare 200 100 100 80 50 50 Hectare Family Hectare Room Hectare Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 Hectare 50 50 50 40 Hectare Hectare Kilometre Hectare 2. 5 Kilometre Irrigation schemes Land development schemes to bring forest land into agricultural production Development of agricultural estates involving changes in types of agricultural use Logging Construction of dams and hydroelectric power scheme reservoirs Mining of mineral in new areas Construction of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes Construction of dams or impounding reservoirs Agricultural programmes necessitating resettlement Drainage of wetland, wild-life habitat or virgin forest Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotel Coastal reclamation Land-based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forest Conversion of hill forest land to other land use Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing, or agricultural use Housing development Industrial estate development for medium and heavy industries Sand dredging Hill station resort or hotel development Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipeline Construction of dams and hydr oelectric power schemes with dams over 15 metres high Construction of airports 3 (c) 1 (a) 1 (c) 6 (c) 13 (b) ii 11 (a) 3 (a) 19 (a) 1 (b) 3 (b) 17 (a) 4 5 (c) 6 (a) 6 (d) 7 9 (b) 11 (c) 17 (b) 12 (b) 13 (b)i 2 (a) 12 Table 2c Malaysia: Summary of Activities Subject to Environmental Impact Assessment (Activities Not Defined by Unit of Measure) Prescribed Activity AIRPORT FISHERIES Activity Airstrip development in state and national parks Construction of fishing harbours Harbour expansion involving an increase of 0 per cent or more in fish landing capacity per annum Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydropower generation or in areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine parks Petrochemicals industries – all sizes Primary smelting of aluminium and copper – all sizes Construc tion of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes Construction of expressways Construction of national highways Construction of new townships Construction of ports Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum Ore processing including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold or tantalum Oil and gas fields development Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling and storage facilities Construction of oil refineries Construction of combined cycle power stations Construction of nuclear-fueled power stations Number 2 (b) 5 (a) 5 (b) FORESTRY 6 (b) 6 (e) 8 (b) 8 (c) 9 (a) 9 (c) 9 (d) 9 (e) 10 (a) 10 (b) INDUSTRY INFRASTRUCTURE PORTS MINING 11 (b) 12 (a) 12 ( c) 12 (d) 13 (c) 13 (d) PETROLEUM POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION 13 Table 2c (Continuation) Prescribed Activity QUARRIES Activity Proposed quarrying of aggregate limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development Construction of new routes Construction of branch lines Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects Number 14 15 (a) 15 (b) 16 RAILWAYS TRANSPORTATION RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks 17 (c) Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks 17 (d) WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (Toxic and Hazardous Waste) Construction of incineration plant Construction of recovery plant (off-site) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site) Construction of secure landfill facility Construction of storage facility (off-site) Construction of incineration plant Construction of composting plant Construction of recovery/recycling plant Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility Construction of wastewater treatment plant Construction of marine outfall 18 (a)i 18 (a)ii 18 (a)iii 18 (a)iv 18 (a)v 18 (b)i 18 (b)ii 18 (b)iii 18 (b)iv 18 (c)i 18 (c)ii (Municipal Solid Waste) (Municipal Sewage) 14 APPENDIX 1 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 (AMENDMENT, 1985) SECTION 34A The Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1985, amended the Environmental Quality Act, 1974. Amendments include the insertion of section 34A which requires any person intending to carry out any prescribed activity to submit report on the impact on the environment to the Director General of Environmental Quality for examination. The Amendment act was gazetted on 9 January 1986 and section 34A reads as follows:â€Å"34A (1) The Minister, after consultation with the Council, may by order prescribe any activity which have significant environment impact as prescribed activity. Any person intending to carry out any of the prescribed activities shall, before any approval for the carrying out of such activity is granted by the relevant approving authority, submit a report to the Director General. The report shall be in accordance with the guidelines prescribed by the Director General and shall contain an assessment of the impact such activity will have or is likely to have on the environment and the proposed measures that shall be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment. If the Director General on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report satisfies the requirements of subsection (2) and that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are adequate, he shall approve the report, with or without conditions attached thereto, and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescrived activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly. If the Director General, on examining the report and after making such inquiries as he considers necessary, is of the opinion that the report does not satisfy the requirements of subsection (2) or that the measures to be undertaken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are inadequate, he shall not approve the report and shall give his reasons therefore and shall inform the person intending to carry out the prescribed activity and the relevant approving authorities accordingly. Provided that where such report is not approved it shall not preclude such person from revising and re-submitting the revised report to the Director General for the approval. The Director General may if he considers it necessary require more than one report to be submitted to him for his approval. Any person intending to carry out a prescribed activity shall not carry out such activity until the report required under this section to be submitted to the Director General has been sub mitted and approved. If the Director General approves the report, the person carrying out the prescribed activity, in the course of carrying out such activity, shall provide sufficient proof that the conditions attached to the report (if any) are being complied with and that the proposed measures to be taken to prevent, reduce or control the adverse impact on the environment are being incorporated into the design, construction and operation of the prescribed activity. Any person who contravenes this section shall be guilty of an offence and shall be liable to a fine not exceeding ten thousand ringgit or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding two years or both and to a further fine of one thousand ringgit for every day that the offence is continued after a notice by the Director General requiring him to comply with the act specified therein has been served upon him. † 15 (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) 16 APPENDIX 2 P. U. A) 362 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY (PRESCRIBED ACTIV ITES) (ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT) ORDER 1987 In exercise of the powers conferred by section 34A of the Environmental Quality Act 1974, the Minister, after consultation with the Environmental Quality Council, makes the following order: 1. This order may be cited as the Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order, 1987 and shall come into force on the 1st April 1988. 2. The activities specified in the Schedule are prescribed to be prescribed activities. SCHEDULE 1. AGRICULTURE (a) Land development schemes covering an area of 500 hectares or more to bring forest land into agricultural production. Agricultural programmes necessitating the resettlement of 100 families or more. Development of agricultural estates covering an area of 500 hectares or more involving changes in types of agricultural use. (b) (c) 2. AIRPORT (a) (b) Construction of airports (having an airstrip of 2,500 metres or longer) Airstrip development in state and national parks. 3. DRAINAGE AND IRRIGATION (a) Construction of dams and man-made lakes and artificial enlargement of lakes with surface area of 200 hectares or more. Drainage of wet land, wild-life habitat or of virgin forest covering an area of 100 hectares or more. Irrigation schemes covering an area of 5,000 hectares or more. (b) (c) 4. LAND RECLAMATION Coastal reclamation involving an area of 50 hectares or more. 5. FISHERIES (a) Construction of fishing harbours. 17 (b) Harbour expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in fish landing capacity per annum. Land based aquaculture projects accompanied by clearing of mangrove swamp forests covering an area of 50 hectares or more. (c) 6. FORESTRY (a) (b) Conversion of hill land to other land use covering an area of 50 hectares of more. Logging or conversion of forest land to other land use within the catchment area of reservoirs used for municipal water supply, irrigation or hydro-power generation or in areas adjacent to state and national parks and national marine parks. Logging covering an area of 500 hectares or more. Conversion of mangrove swamps for industrial, housing or agriculture use covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Clearing of mangrove swamps on islands adjacent to national marine parks. (c) (d) (e) 7. HOUSING Housing development covering an area of 50 hectares or more. 8. INDUSTRY (a) Chemical – Where production capacity of each product or of combined product is greater than 100 tonnes/day. – All sizes. – Primary smelting: Alluminium Copper Others (b) (c) Petrochemicals Non-ferrous – all sizes. – all sizes. – producing 50 tonnes/day and above of products. for clinker throughput of 30 tonnes/hour and above. – 100 tonnes/day and above burnt lime rotary kiln or 50 tonnes/day and above vertical kiln. (d) Non-metallic – Cement – Lime e) Iron and steel – Require iron ore as raw materials for production greater than 100 tonnes/day; or – Using scrap iron as raw materials for production greater than 200 tonnes/day – Dead Weight Tonnages greater than 5,000 tonnes. 18 (f) Shipyards (g) Pulp and paper industry – Production capacity greater than 50 tonnes/day 9. INFRASTRUCTURE (a) (b) Construction of hospitals with outfall into beachfronts used for recreational purposes. Industrial estate development for medium and heavy industries covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Construction of expressways. Construction of national highways. Construction of new townships. (c) (d) (e) 10. PORTS (a) (b) Construction of ports. Port expansion involving an increase of 50 per cent or more in handling capacity per annum. 11. MINING (a) Mining of minerals in new areas where the mining lease covers a total area in excess of 250 hectares. Ore processing, including concentrating for aluminium, copper, gold, or tantalum. Sand dredging involving an area of 50 hectares or more. (b) (c) 12. PETROLEUM (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Oil and gas fields development. Construction of off-shore and on-shore pipelines in excess of 50 kilometres in length. Construction of oil and gas separation, processing, handling, and storage facilities. Construction of oil refineries. Construction of product depots for the storage of petrol, gas or diesel (excluding service stations) which are located within 3 kilometre of any commercial, industrial or residential areas which have a combined storage capacity of 60,000 barrels or more. 13. POWER GENERATION AND TRANSMISSION (a) Construction of steam generated power stations burning fossil fuels and having a capacity of more than 10 megawatts. Dams and hydroelectric power schemes with either or both of the following: i) dams over 15 metres high and ancillary structures covering a total area in excess of 40 hectares. 19 (b) ii) (c) (d) 14. reservoirs with a surface area in excess of 400 hectares. Construction of combined cycle power stations. Construction of nuclear-fueled stations. QUARRIES Proposed quarrying of aggregate, limestone, silica, quartzite, sandstone, marble and decorative building stone within 3 kilometres of any existing residential, commercial or industrial areas, or any area for which a licence, permit or approval has been granted for residential, commercial or industrial development. 15. RAILWAYS (a) Construction of new routes. (b) Construction of branch lines. 16. TRANSPORTATION Construction of Mass Rapid Transport projects. 17. RESORT AND RECREATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (a) (b) (c) (d) Construction of coastal resort facilities or hotels with more than 80 rooms. Hill station resort or hotel development covering an area of 50 hectares or more. Development of tourist or recreational facilities in national parks. Development of tourist or recreational facilities on islands in surrounding waters which are gazetted as national marine parks. 18. WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL (a) Toxic and Hazardous Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of recovery plant (off-site). iii) Construction of wastewater treatment plant (off-site). iv) Construction of secure landfill facility. v) Construction of storage facility (off-site). Municipal Solid Waste i) Construction of incineration plant. ii) Construction of composting plant. iii) Construction of recovery/recycling plant. iv) Construction of municipal solid waste landfill facility. Municipal Sewage i) Construction of wastewater treatment plant. ii) Construction of marine outfall. (b) (c) 19. WATER SUPPLY 20 (a) (b) Construction of dams or impounding reservoirs with a surface area of 200 hectares or more. Groundwater development for industrial, agricultural or urban water supply of greater than 4,500 cubic metres per day. Made on the 30th September, 1987. [KST AS(U) 902/JAS/4(2); PN. (PU2)280/111] DATUK AMAR STEPHEN K. T. YONG, Minister of Science, Technology and the Environment 21 APPENDIX 3 OFFICES OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT For further information and enquiries, you may contact the following offices: HEADQUARTERS Director General Department of Environment 12th 13th Floor, Wisma Sime Darby Jalan Raja Laut 50662 KUALA LUMPUR Tel: 03-2947844 Tlx: MOSTEC MA 28154 Fax: 603-2931480/2937655 Cable â€Å"SEKITAR† Kuala Lumpur STATE OFFICES Director Department of Environment Selangor/Wilayah Persekutuan 17th Floor, Wisma MPSA Persiaran Perbandaran 40000 SHAH ALAM Tel: 03-5594787/5594788 Fax: 03-5594788 Director Department of Environment Johor 23rd Floor, Kompleks Tun Abdul Razak Jalan Wong Ah Fook 80000 JOHOR BAHRU Tel: 07-2226723/2224431 Fax: 07-2230567 Director Department of Environment Pahang 4th Floor, Bangunan Asia Life Jalan Tekul Sisek 25000 KUANTAN Tel: 09-529211/529075 Fax: 09-529075 Director Department of Environment Trengganu/Kelantan Lot 2, 5th Floor Bangunan Tabung Haji/Bank Pertanian Jalan Sultan Ismail 20200 KUALA TERENGGANU Tel: 09-6227877 Fax: 09-6226877 Director Department of Environment Kedah/Perlis 22 Aras 1, Menara Zakat Jalan Teluk Wanjah 05200 ALOR SETAR Tel: 04-7332832 Fax: 04-7337530 Director Department of Environment Pulau Pinang 5th 6th Floor, Wisma Peladang Jalan Kampong Gajah 12200 BUTTERWORTH Tel: 04-340441 Fax: 04-316078 Director Department of Environment Perak 9th Floor, Bangunan Seri Kinta Jalan Sultan Idris Shah 30000 IPOH Tel: 05-2542744 Fax: 05-2558595 Director Department of Environment Melaka 2nd Floor, Bangunan Graha Maju Jalan Tan Chay Yan 75300 MELAKA Tel: 06-247825 Fax: 06-247845 Director Department of Environment Negeri Sembilan 3rd Floor, Block C Wisma Negeri 70503 SEREMBAN Tel: 06-722311 Fax: 06-731397 Director Department of Environment Sabah 7th Floor, Block E, Bangunan KUWASA Jalan Karamunsing 88000 KOTA KINABALU Tel: 088-250122 Fax: 088-241170 Director Department of Environment Sarawak 9th Floor, Bangunan Sultan Iskandar Jalan Simpang Tiga 93592 KUCHING Tel: 082-418535 Fax: 082-422863 23 How to cite Eia Malaysia, Papers

Profitability and Regulation of Pharmaceutical Industry

Question: Discuss about the Profitability and Regulation of Pharmaceutical Industry. Answer: Introduction: The pharmaceutical industry refers to an industry which discovers, develops produces drugs used to heal illness. Pharmaceutical companies generally deal with either generic drugs or branded rugs medical devices. Pharmaceutical industry is ruled controlled by various laws posed by government in order to regulate testing, safety, efficacy, patents marketing of the drugs. Pharmaceutical industry deals in high levels of research development (RD) to discover develop the drug. Drug discovery refers to the process of designing or development of the drug. The cost of innovation association with drug development and discovering the drug is quite expensive. It is seen that, compounds investigated to be used for human purpose only handful are approved by the medical council to market a particular drug in certain countries (Gupta Bansal, 2015). In the year 2010, 18 new molecular entities were approved by the FDA whereas; only 18 approvals were made in the year 2007 22 in 2006. The research development (RD) of the pharmaceutical industry has reached more than $65 billion in the year 2009 (De Kluyver Pearce, 2009). Based upon a study done by Bain Company, the cost of developing, discovering launching a new product in the market has risen to five year period to $1.8 billion in the year 2003. Based upon Forbes, the development cost of the drug were in the range of $2 - $10 billion per drug (Syafriont, 2011). Five forces analysis of Pharmaceutical Industry Porters five forces analysis refers to a marketing too which is used in order to analyse the industry as well as determine what is to be done in order to attain competitive advantage as well as determine how attractive a particular industry for new entrants. The porters five forces model consist of the following forces. The five forces analysis if Pharmaceutical industry is as follows: Bargaining power of buyers: It shall be seen that, the bargaining power of buyers in case of pharmaceutical industry is medium. Hospitals health care organizations buy medicines in bulk and hence exert pressure on the pharmaceutical companies to keep a check on the prices of the drugs (Smith Becker, n.d.). Regular patients do not pose any bargaining power due to an increase in the prices of the generic drug. In case of pharmaceutical company, a particular drug is cherished by the customer. Therefore, they tend to pay more for that one product (Goncharov, Mahlich Yurtoglu, n.d.). Bargaining power of suppliers: The barraging power of suppliers in the pharmaceutical company is relatively low. It shall be kept in mind that, sales of pharmaceutical industry is concentrated in handful of large players which has decreased the bargaining power of the same (Santoro Gorrie, 2010). High levels of competition amongst the suppliers will tend to reduce the prices of the drug producers. This will have a positive impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Threat of new entrants: The threat of new entrant in pharmaceutical industry is very low. It shall be seen that, high sunk cost makes it very difficult for any company to enter the new market (same goes in case of pharmaceutical industry). High sunk costs have a positive effect on the pharmaceutical industry. A strong distribution network is required in case of pharmaceutical industry (Research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, 2006). Building a strong distribution network has positive affect on this industry. There are high entry barriers associated with research development (RD) of new drugs. Patents help the new entrants not to enter the pharmaceutical industry. Patents make it difficult for the new entrants to enter in same. Rivalry amongst the existing competitors: The degree of rivalry from the existing firms is very high in the pharmaceutical industry. The rivalries amongst the existing competitors pose high competitive force (Grice, 2008). For example, in case of erectile dysfunction GlaxoSmithKline claims that Levitra works faster as compared to Eli Lily ICOS which works faster and is ling lasting Viagra by Pfizer. It shall be seen that, policies regulations can dictate the level of competition within the pharmaceutical industry (Prstegaard, 2010). When they limit competition, it has a positive effect on this particular industry. Threat of substitute products: The threat of substitute products in the pharmaceutical industry is very high. The cost of switching from one product to another is high. Customers cannot easily switch from one brand to another. Demand for generic as compared to the branded drugs has increased due to the cost associated with it (Nahler Mollet, 2013). Generic drugs do not involve high research development (RD) as compared to new drugs and hence, it helps them to sell the drugs at a cheaper price. People tend to buy cheap drugs as compared to the branded drugs as they involve same salt concentration Profitability of pharmaceutical industry For the past many decades, pharmaceutical industry has been referred to as highly profitable. The recipe to earn such profits is to discover a molecule or a chemical which deals with some of the common problems i.e. hyper-tension, diabetes, erectile dysfunction and make billion dollars. But, it is not easy to earn such high levels of profits (Mancuso Grenada, 2011). It takes billions of dollars to develop discover a chemical which might be used by humans to heal their illness (Jo?rn, n.d.). It is seen that, the pharmaceutical industry is highly profitable. In the year 2000-2003, the average rate of return on capital for the firm in the pharmaceutical industry was estimated to be 25% (Leahy, 2011). This means that, for every dollar invested, the average pharmaceutical firm generated 25% of profit. The high profitability of the pharmaceutical industry can be understood by taking into consideration the following factors. They are as follows: The demand of the pharmaceutical industry is very strong and has been on rise for many decades. In the year 1999-2003, the annual rise of pharmaceutical industry was estimated to be more than13% (Gupta Bansal, 2015). The strong demand for medicines is due to the favourable demographics. As people grew old, they are in need of medicines to be stable and perform their daily chores (Mulinari, 2016) . The new and branded medicines are highly profitable. For example, Lipitor a drug to lower the cholesterol levels sold by Pfizer was introduced in the year 1997. By the end of 2003, this drug had earned revenue of more than 60 billion. The cost of manufacturing, distribution marketing for the same accounts to not more than 7% of the total revenue earned. This drug is protected from direct competition and hence Pfizer has temporary monopoly for the same and can charge any price as possible (Griffin, 2009). Factors driving profitability of the pharmaceutical industry: Pharmaceutical companies invest billions of dollars to discover develop a medicine which would provide an effective treatment for the humans. In this process, they tend to make investment make huge profits. It shall be taken into consideration that, the role of industry has grown and so are the risks. The level of expectation from this industry is very high competitions amongst the generic drugs are stiff (Maria Bogdana, 2014). Some of the factors that drive the profitability of the pharmaceutical industry have been listed as follows: Government Regulation: The degree of regulation levied by the government also plays an important role in driving the profitability of the pharmaceutical industry. It shall be seen that, the federal government administration regulates this industry at different stages. It shall be kept in mind that, countries such as Canada Germany tend to control the price on the medicines sold at their borders (Griffin, 2009). The government of U.S. and FDA puts a pressure on how to control pharmaceutical advertisements along with the claims as to what the drugs can and cannot do. Based upon the study conducted by Cato Institute, 85% of the pharmaceutical cost goes by complying with the FDA regulations, thereby using the amount in further medical research. Insurers managed care: In United States (U.S.), prices are set by a free market system, customers rarely pay full price for prescription drugs which are paid by the third party insurers. It shall be seen that, third party insurers are able to negotiate for the prices of drugs, thereby leading to decreasing the level of profits along prices of the same (Smith Becker, n.d.). Research Development (RD): Intensive research development (RD) plays an important role in driving profitability of pharmaceutical industry. With the help of RD, treatments for complex disorders have also come into place. The industrys expenditure on RD for new therapies is estimated to be $68 billion in the year 2010. It shall be taken into consideration that, the role of pharmaceutical industry has increased significantly thereby leading to so many risks (Research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, 2006). Consumer demand: In the past many decades, the demands for generic drugs as well as maintenance therapy along with lifestyle drugs have grown tremendously. The increase in the consumer demand for the same has been referred to as the main factor that drives profitability in the pharmaceutical industry. Some of the drugs which have high consumer demand are highly advertised are Viagra, Lipitor and Claritin. Based upon the study conducted by Medical Marketing Media, the direct consumer advertising spending has reached its highest point i.e. $6 billion dollars. The branded drugs are going off patients sales of generic drugs are increasing amongst the consumers (Smith Becker, n.d.). How the factors change in future and its effect on industry profitability Some of the factors that might change the future of pharmaceutical industry and its effect on industry profitability have been discussed in this section of the assignment. They are as follows: Change and current success: It is quite a difficult task to accomplish the business and make a drastic change in the middle of the success. It shall be seen that, there were times where the companies who were once on the top are now non-existent as they were unable to make changes in the long run (Maria Bogdana, 2014). Food Drug Administration (FDA): The Food Drug administration (FDA) once approved the first medicine to control high cholesterol known as PCSK9. Many experts say that, it has been referred to as one of the costliest drug ever. Companies are developing more such drugs as compared to generic ones in order to make billion dollars. Expectation of the health care industry has changed drastically. The expectation of the consumers is to deliver high quality drugs effectively and efficiently at affordable prices. It is seen that, on an average a family pays approximately $25,000 every year on availing the medical facilities (Maria Bogdana, 2014). Transformation and innovations in the health care industry: The transformations in the health care industry have helped the companies to think proactively and provide services in the best of manner. Innovative treatments in the health care sector have helped this sector to be one of the successful industries (Grice, 2008). Companies who think proactively on their pricing will have a better life as compared to those who are less innovative. Generic reference pricing (GRP): In this case, the regulators tend to fix a price i.e. a particular level above which the consumer will not be reimbursed the cost of the drug. The reference price of the drug is equal to the level of lowest priced generic equivalent. In case the generic drug has a price which is higher than the reference point, then the patients are required to pay for the same (Goncharov, Mahlich Yurtoglu, n.d.). Profit control: The regulators tend to impose certain limits on the levels of profits generated by the pharmaceutical company. For example, in UK the market is not required to exceed its profit levels by 17-20% till 1998 and by 23% afterwards (Carroll, 2009). Conclusion Hence, it can be concluded that pharmaceutical industry has been referred to as one of the highly profitable industries. Pharmaceutical companies generally deal with either generic drugs or branded rugs medical devices. Pharmaceutical industry is ruled controlled by various laws posed by government in order to regulate testing, safety, efficacy, patents marketing of the drugs (Goncharov, Mahlich Yurtoglu, n.d.). Pharmaceutical industry deals in high levels of research development (RD) to discover develop the drug. According to the fiver forces porters model, the bargaining power of buyers is medium, bargaining power of seller is very low, threat from new entrants is low, threat of substitutes is very high rivalry amongst existing competitors is very high. For the past many decades, pharmaceutical industry has been referred to as highly profitable. The recipe to earn such profits is to discover a molecule or a chemical which deals with some of the common problems i.e. hyper-tension, diabetes (Carroll, 2009). There are four main factors which drive the profitability of the pharmaceutical industry i.e. government regulations, consumer demands, research development (RD) and insurers managed care. Lastly, it shall be taken into consideration that it is quite a difficult task to accomplish the business and make a drastic change in the middle of the success (De Kluyver Pearce, 2009). The expectation of the consumers is to deliver high quality drugs effectively and efficiently at affordable prices. The transformations in the health care industry have helped the companies to think proactively and provide services in the best of manner. References Carroll, J. (2009).The pharmaceutical industry. 1st ed. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. De Kluyver, C. and Pearce, J. (2009).Strategy. 1st ed. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Goncharov, I., Mahlich, J. and Yurtoglu, B. (n.d.). RD Investments, Profitability and Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry.SSRN Electronic Journal. Grice, J. (2008).Global pharmaceutical marketing. 1st ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press. Griffin, J. (2009).The textbook of pharmaceutical medicine. 1st ed. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. Gupta, M. and Bansal, P. (2015). Firm Size and Profitability: A Study of Indian Pharmaceutical Industry.LBS Journal of Management Research, 13(1), p.35. Jo?rn, A. (n.d.).Pfizer and the Challenges of the Global Pharmaceutical Industry. 1st ed. Leahy, A. (2011). The Determinants Of Profitability In The Pharmaceutical Industry.American Journal of Health Sciences (AJHS), 3(1), p.37. Mancuso, D. and Grenada, I. (2011).Pharmaceutical industry. 1st ed. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science. Maria, D. and Bogdana, I. (2014). The analysis of the influence factors affecting the performance of pharmaceutical companies.Theoretical and Applied Economics, 11(7), pp.23-42. Mulinari, S. (2016). Regulating Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing: Development, Enforcement, and Outcome of Marketing Rules.Sociology Compass, 10(1), pp.74-86. Nahler, G. and Mollet, A. (2013).Dictionary of pharmaceutical medicine. 1st ed. Wien: Springer-Verlag. Prstegaard, L. (2010).Pharma - to brand or not to brand?. 1st ed. Frederiksberg. Research and development in the pharmaceutical industry. (2006). 1st ed. [Washington, D.C.]: Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office. Santoro, M. and Gorrie, T. (2010).Ethics and the pharmaceutical industry. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Smith, M. and Becker, R. (n.d.).Principles of pharmaceutical marketing. 1st ed. Syafriont, S. (2011). FACTORS AFFECTING THE MANUFACTURING COMPANIES FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE.Journal of Economics, Business, and Accountancy | Ventura, 14(2). Wierenga, B. (2008).Handbook of marketing decision models. 1st ed. New York: Springer.